中国门静脉高压经颈静脉肝内门体分流术临床实践指南(2019版)
中华医学杂志, 2019,99(45) : 3534-3546. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2019.45.003

门静脉高压可以引起一系列严重临床症状,如食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血、顽固性胸腹水等,肝硬化则是门静脉高压最常见和最主要的原因。经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)通过在肝静脉与门静脉之间的肝实质内建立分流道,以微创的方式从结构上显著降低门静脉阻力,是降低肝硬化患者门静脉压力的关键措施之一。目前TIPS已广泛地用于治疗肝硬化门静脉高压所致食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、顽固性胸腹水、布加综合征(BCS)及肝窦阻塞综合征等。经过近30年的不断探索和发展,特别是随着专用覆膜支架的临床应用,我们对TIPS的适应证、禁忌证、技术操作标准、分流道支架选择和术后并发症等方面有了新的认识[1,2,3]。但目前国内存在着如TIPS操作流程及围手术期管理欠规范、技术质量控制管理欠佳、相关临床数据缺少标准化采集及录入管理等问题,从而限制国内TIPS技术的进一步提升与发展。

基于目前国内TIPS领域存在的问题,中国医师协会介入医师分会组织国内TIPS领域相关专家依据中国临床实践指南的评价标准[4],共同制定了本实践指南。本指南以已发表的文献为基础,主要面向临床医师,在应用中兼顾灵活性。采用证据质量分级和推荐强度系统。证据质量分为高(A)、中(B)、低或极低(C)3个等级,推荐强度分为强(1)、弱(2)2个等级(表1)。证据质量越高,推荐强度越强。在没有明确证据存在的条件下,推荐意见主要基于参与讨论专家的共识。本指南已在国际实践指南注册平台(www.guidelines-registry.cn)注册且获得指南注册号:IPGRP-2019CN005。本指南发表后,计划每5年更新1次。

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表1

证据质量分级和推荐强度分级系统内容

表1

证据质量分级和推荐强度分级系统内容

项目 符号 内容
证据质量分级    
  A 进一步研究非常不可能改变对效应估计值的确信程度
  B 进一步研究有可能对我们对效应估计值的确信程度造成重要影响,且可能改变该估计值
  低或极低 C 进一步研究有可能对我们对效应估计值的确信程度造成重要影响,且很可能改变该估计值;任何效应估计值都非常不确定
推荐强度分级    
  1 基于可得证据,如果临床医师非常确定获益大于或小于风险和负担,他们将做出强推荐
  2 基于可得证据,如果临床医师认为获益、风险和负担相当平衡,或获益风险的程度存在明显的不确定,他们则会做出弱推荐。此外,临床医师在临床决策中越来越意识到患者价值观和意愿的重要性。而且,就患者价值而言,完全知情的患者容易做出不同的选择,指南小组应该做出弱推荐
一、TIPS操作准入标准

TIPS建议在具备开展三级以上综合介入诊疗手术的医疗中心开展,中心有门静脉高压症多学科诊治团队支撑,TIPS操作者应限于具备丰富的肝脏、心肺血流动力学相关专业知识的介入放射科医师或受过专门训练并在以下方面有经验的医师:(1)能通过肝静脉或下腔静脉穿刺并插管至门静脉;(2)能评估及解释肝脏和心肺血流动力学;(3)能熟练掌握经导管栓塞技术;(4)能处理操作相关并发症。TIPS是否可行,需由介入放射学及消化肝病学等专家多学科来评估临床适应性及技术可行性。对于高危患者,应邀请外科医师评估患者是否适合肝移植。

二、TIPS适应证
(一)急性食管静脉曲张出血
1.早期TIPS:

推荐意见:对于食管静脉曲张(esophageal varices,EV)急性出血的患者,在初次药物联合内镜治疗后,若存在治疗失败的高危因素[Child-Pugh评分C级(≤13分)或Child-Pugh评分B级且内镜证实有活动性出血],在没有禁忌证的情况下,应在72 h内(最好在24 h内)行覆膜支架TIPS治疗[A1]。

根据肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient,HVPG)可将急性静脉曲张出血患者分为高危组(HVPG≥20 mm Hg)(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)和低危组(HVPG<20 mm Hg),对高危组早期(24 h内)实施TIPS,较药物联合内镜治疗的出血控制失败率(分别为12%和50%)以及6周病死率(分别为35%和62%)显著降低[5]。虽然HVPG测定逐渐推广普及,但其为微创侵入性操作,部分中心目前仍无法作为常规筛选的手段,临床中更多的还是按实验室指标和临床症状来界定高危因素。对急性静脉曲张出血的Child-Pugh评分C级(≤13分)或Child-Pugh评分B级且内镜证实有活动性出血的高危患者,在出血后72 h内行覆膜支架TIPS,与采用药物联合内镜治疗相比,控制急性出血失败或再出血率显著减低,近期或远期生存率明显提高,而肝性脑病(hepaticencephalopathy,HE)的发生率没有增加[6,7,8]。但也有学者认为早期TIPS较标准治疗并未明显改善患者的生存[9,10]。因此,早期TIPS的获益人群仍有待新的大样本的多中心随机临床对照研究进一步界定。

2.挽救性TIPS:

推荐意见:经内科药物治疗和内镜治疗失败的急性EV出血,覆膜支架TIPS可以作为挽救治疗措施。[B1]

急性EV出血是肝硬化患者的致命性并发症之一,即使经过血管活性药物(特利加压素或生长抑素等)、内镜治疗和预防性抗生素治疗,仍然有10%~15%的急性EV患者存在持续性出血或早期复发出血[2,11]。对于此类患者,可选择"挽救性"TIPS治疗[12,13]

(二)胃静脉曲张出血(gastric variceal bleeding,GVB)

推荐意见:对保守治疗难以控制的急性胃静脉曲张(gastric varices,GV)出血的患者,TIPS可作为挽救治疗措施,同时栓塞曲张静脉。[B1]

胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(GOV2)和孤立性胃静脉曲张(isolated gastric varices type 1,IGV1)(排除胰源性门静脉高压)有较高的早期再出血率,优先考虑覆膜支架TIPS控制急性出血。[B1]

GV分型:GOV1:EV沿胃小弯延伸至贲门以下;GOV2:EV延伸至胃底;IGV1:孤立性胃静脉曲张位于胃底;IGV2:孤立性胃静脉曲张位于胃体、胃窦和十二指肠[14]

对保守治疗难以控制的急性GV出血,挽救性TIPS可以使高达95%的患者获得迅速止血[15]。对于GOV1、GOV2及IGV静脉曲张出血的高危患者(Child-Pugh C级≤13分或Child-Pugh B级伴活动性出血),应在72 h内(最好在24 h内)行覆膜支架TIPS治疗[5,6,7,8,9]

(三)预防食管静脉曲张再出血

推荐意见:预防食管静脉曲张再出血时,TIPS可以作为内镜联合药物治疗失败后的二线治疗。而对于合并以下情况:(1)非选择性β受体阻滞剂(non-selective β blockers,NSBB)不耐受或应用NSBB作一级预防失败者;(2)合并复发性或顽固性腹水;(3)合并门静脉血栓;(4)肝功能较差者,可优先选择覆膜支架TIPS。[A1]

静脉曲张出血后,如果不采取预防措施,1~2年内再出血的发生率高达60%,病死率达33%[16]。尽管随着覆膜支架的应用,TIPS支架的通畅率明显改善,与内镜联合药物治疗相比,TIPS降低了再出血的发生率,但增加了HE等并发症的风险[10,17]。在内镜联合药物的标准治疗中,NSBB的使用起到了关键性作用[18],因此,在患者存在NSBB不耐受或者在应用NSBB作为一级预防方案的同时仍出现出血时,可优先考虑采用覆膜支架TIPS[2]。而在合并门静脉血栓的患者中采用TIPS预防再出血,相比内镜联合药物能够明显降低再出血率,提高门静脉再通率,且不增加HE发生率,但在改善生存方面差异仍无统计学意义[19]。一项多中心大样本的观察研究结果表明,相比内镜联合药物,早期TIPS可使Child-Pugh C级的患者生存获益[20]。这提示,在预防再出血方面,针对再出血高危患者的亚组分析,需要进一步深入研究。因此,覆膜支架TIPS仍然作为预防再出血的二线措施,但针对有上述内镜联合药物治疗失败的高危患者,可优先选择覆膜支架TIPS。

(四)预防胃静脉曲张出血

推荐意见:对出血得到控制的GOV2和IGV1患者,首选TIPS和(或)球囊导管辅助下逆行性静脉闭塞术(ballon-occluded retrograde cransvenous obliteration,BRTO)联合预防曲张静脉再出血。[B1]

GOV1再出血的预防策略与EV类似。TIPS预防GV再出血(GOV2、IGV)的效果与预防EV再出血相当[21]。GVB发作发生在较低的HVPG水平,并且相对于EV出血发作更严重并且需要更多地输血[22,23]。因此,单纯的降压治疗可能不是最佳治疗方法,应在降压的同时联合曲张静脉栓塞或对自发性分流栓塞[15]。对于存在较大自发性脾-胃-肾分流的患者,或有TIPS禁忌证的患者,BRTO被认为是治疗GVB的有效方法[3,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]。有作者认为BRTO在GVB止血方面比TIPS更有效,再出血的风险明显降低[31],但目前国内尚缺乏相关数据。

(五)肝硬化顽固性或复发性腹水、肝性胸水和肝肾综合征
1.肝硬化顽固性或复发性腹水:

推荐意见:对于大多数肝硬化顽固性或复发性腹水患者,推荐覆膜支架TIPS治疗。[B1]

顽固性腹水是肝硬化失代偿期患者的严重并发症之一[1],覆膜支架TIPS作为肝硬化顽固性或复发性腹水患者优先考虑的治疗手段,可以抵消部分肝硬化腹水形成[1,32]。覆膜支架TIPS能显著改善顽固性腹水患者的尿钠排泄和血肌酐水平[33],能改善患者蛋白质代谢和营养状态[34,35],缩短住院时间[33],对于同时合并其他门静脉高压并发症(如消化道出血、自发性腹膜炎、肝肾综合征)的患者,覆膜支架TIPS明显优于大量排放腹水(large-volume paracentesis,LVP)[36];且TIPS较LVP能延长患者等待肝移植的时间,并延长患者无肝移植生存时间。

2.肝性胸水(hepatic hydrothorax,HH):

推荐意见:TIPS是治疗难治性HH的重要方法,经限制钠盐摄入和利尿治疗无效时,可以有效控制HH。[B2]

HH是肝硬化门静脉高压症患者在排除心肺疾病后发生的胸腔积液,主要是由于腹水通过腹腔-胸腔直接通道进入胸腔引起,少数患者可不伴有临床显著腹水[33,37]。HH可发生在右侧胸腔(85%),左侧胸腔(13%)和双侧胸腔(2%)[37,38]。HH的治疗主要是限制钠盐摄入和利尿治疗,当药物治疗无效时,TIPS可作为难治性HH的有效治疗手段[39,40],可以降低HH的复发率、减少胸腔穿刺引流的频率[39,41]

3.肝肾综合征(hepatorenal syndrome,HRS):

推荐意见:TIPS可作为HRS患者(尤其是2型HRS)的有效治疗方法,但仍需要依靠进一步随机对照研究来确定其长期疗效。[B2]

HRS是重症肝病患者的严重并发症之一。根据肾功能恶化的速度,HRS可分为1型和2型。1型HRS为快速进展的急性肾功能衰竭,2周内血肌酐水平升高至≥226 μmol/L(2.5 g/L),通常伴有自发性腹膜炎等诱因;2型HRS为缓慢进展的中度肾功能衰竭,血肌酐水平在133~226 μmol/L(1.5~2.5 g/L),可自行发生于顽固性腹水患者中,并可进展为1型HRS。1型HRS的预后比2型HRS差[42]。经TIPS治疗可有效提高肾小球滤过率,增加肾脏血流量,降低血肌酐及醛固酮水平[43,44]

(六)BCS

推荐意见:推荐所有BCS患者接受抗凝治疗。[B2]

对经球囊扩张治疗失败或不适宜接受球囊扩张治疗的患者应在抗凝治疗的基础上接受TIPS治疗。[A1]

混合型BCS患者考虑行TIPS治疗前,应先采用球囊扩张及支架置入开通下腔静脉。[A2]

BCS是指肝静脉流出道阻塞所致的一组病症,可发生于自肝静脉起至下腔静脉及右心房的任意水平。BCS按照是否累及下腔静脉可分为下腔静脉型、肝静脉型;按照阻塞处的病变特点可分为膜性阻塞、节段性阻塞以及合并血栓形成等。

目前,我国BCS的病因尚未完全清楚,约70%的患者存在高凝状态[45],推荐所有患者接受抗凝治疗。我国BCS患者无论是下腔静脉型还是肝静脉型,均以膜性阻塞多见,单纯球囊扩张和(或)支架植入疗效显著,多无需TIPS治疗[46,47]。对于肝静脉广泛性闭塞、肝静脉节段性闭塞以及肝静脉阻塞开通后门静脉高压仍不缓解的患者,推荐其接受TIPS治疗[48,49]

混合型BCS患者如无可以开通的肝静脉需要TIPS时,应尽可能同时开通下腔静脉,以避免后续因下腔静脉高压症状需要开通下腔静脉时,TIPS支架的存在会增加球囊扩张和(或)支架植入的手术难度[48]。TIPS术中覆膜支架的使用能够显著降低TIPS支架功能障碍的发生率,有利于保证支架的长期通畅性,应推荐使用[50]。对于未能开通肝静脉的BCS患者,TIPS应作为一线治疗,尤其是进行性肝功能恶化的患者应尽早实施[51]

(七)肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome,HSOS)

推荐意见:对于HSOS内科治疗效果不佳者,可行TIPS控制顽固性腹水和门静脉高压。[B1]

HSOS,又称肝小静脉闭塞病,是由各种原因导致的肝窦、肝小静脉和小叶间静脉内皮细胞水肿、坏死、脱落,进而形成微血栓,引起肝内淤血、肝功能损伤和门静脉高压的一种肝脏血管性疾病[52]。欧美国家的HSOS主要病因是骨髓造血干细胞移植预处理(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT),而我国的病因以服用含吡咯生物碱(pyrrolidine alkaloid,PA)的植物居多,其中以土三七(或称菊三七)最多。TIPS对于不同病因的HSOS治疗效果并不一致。对于HSCT导致的HSOS,西方国家仅有几篇小样本研究文章报道TIPS治疗急性期HSOS,效果不佳,多数患者仍然死亡[53,54]。这可能是由于大部分HSCT-HSOS患者都合并有严重的血液系统疾病,基础情况差,从而影响TIPS的疗效。PA-HSOS患者一般不合并有致命性基础疾病。我国学者的回顾性研究结果表明,TIPS对于内科治疗无效的PA-HSOS患者能明显改善门静脉高压及腹水,提高救治成功率[55,56,57]。但TIPS是否能改善远期预后还需要更长的随访观察。

(八)门静脉高压合并门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)

推荐意见:肝硬化合并PVT,TIPS应作为食管胃静脉曲张出血二级预防一线方案。[A1]

PVT是肝硬化常见并发症,发病率可达10%~25%[58]。其病理生理学基础主要是肝硬化门静脉高压所致门静脉血流速度下降,肝硬化凝血系统失衡和遗传性凝血异常等[58,59]。PVT加重门静脉高压,增加食管胃静脉曲张出血风险,减少肝内门静脉灌注,损害肝脏代偿功能,若血栓范围波及肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉则可能引起肠梗死、脾梗死等严重并发症[60]

肝硬化合并PVT患者不合并活动性出血者首选抗凝治疗,经低分子肝素或华法林治疗后门静脉再通率可达55%~75%,早期治疗可获得更好的应答[61]。抗凝治疗前应考虑联合NSBB或食管静脉曲张套扎术预防食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血。随着影像技术的进步和操作经验的积累,PVT不再被视为TIPS相对禁忌证,多项临床研究结果显示TIPS可以开通门静脉,并控制门静脉高压并发症[62,63,64,65]。TIPS失败往往和肝内门静脉分支完全闭塞、门静脉海绵样变或血栓范围广泛延续至肠系膜上静脉有关。肝硬化合并PVT拟接受曲张静脉出血二级预防的患者,与内镜联合药物治疗相比,TIPS可以更有效地预防食管胃静脉曲张再出血并促进门静脉再通,可作为一线治疗[19,66]。且有研究者认为若分流道内血流充盈,且患者未合并高凝状态,TIPS术后一般无需联合抗凝治疗[64,67]

对于合并PVT等待肝移植的患者,TIPS可以开通门静脉并维持其通畅,减少肝移植术后并发症。较近的一项研究结果显示,TIPS术后92%的患者可获得门静脉再通,且移植术后无1例患者出现PVT复发[68]

三、TIPS禁忌证
1.绝对禁忌证:

(1)充血性心力衰竭或重度瓣膜性心功能不全;(2)难以控制的全身感染或炎症;(3)Child-Pugh评分>13分或者终末期肝病评分>18分;(4)重度肺动脉高压;(5)严重肾功能不全(肝源性肾功能不全除外);(6)快速进展的肝衰竭;(7)肝脏弥漫性恶性肿瘤;(8)对比剂过敏。

2.相对禁忌证:

(1)先天性肝内胆管囊状扩张(Caroli病)、胆道阻塞性扩张;(2)多囊性肝病;(3)门静脉海绵样变;(4)中度肺动脉高压;(5)重度或顽固性HE;(6)胆红素>51.3 μmol/L(胆汁淤积性肝硬化除外);(7)重度凝血病。

四、TIPS术前检查和评估

TIPS术前检查和评估内容主要包括实验室检查(血常规、凝血功能、肝功能、肾功能等)、影像学检查(了解下腔静脉、肝静脉与门静脉的通畅情况和空间位置关系,有无合并PVT及其范围和程度等)、上消化道内镜(对曲张静脉进行分类),有条件的中心可行超声肝、脾弹力成像。肝硬化患者,应首先明确肝硬化病因和诊断,全面检查肝硬化相关并发症,排除显性HE。顽固性胸水或腹水患者,术前应行胸腔或腹腔穿刺术。值得注意的是,对所有准备接受TIPS治疗的患者,建议行超声心动图检查以排除显著收缩性或舒张性心功能不全[69,70]。对于超声心动图上收缩性肺动脉压>50 mm Hg、充血性心力衰竭、三尖瓣反流或心肌病的患者建议进行右心置管来进一步排除肺动脉高压。

五、TIPS技术操作流程和主要注意事项
(一)麻醉

大部分患者可在局部麻醉下完成。尚须根据各医疗中心条件、术者经验以及患者状态决定麻醉方式。对于年老、儿童或对疼痛耐受性差的患者可联合使用异丙酚和瑞芬太尼(密切监测患者血氧饱和度,警惕呼吸抑制)。对于急性出血且血流动力学不稳定的患者可采用全身麻醉和气管插管。

(二)门静脉显像

为了增加门静脉穿刺导向性,可先行肠系膜上动脉或脾动脉延时曝光间接门静脉造影显示门静脉。

(三)颈内静脉穿刺

首选颈内静脉入路,通常选择右侧颈内静脉穿刺。因解剖等原因导致穿刺右侧颈内静脉困难时,可以尝试穿刺左侧颈内静脉或颈外静脉[71]。建议采用超声引导下经颈内静脉穿刺(尤其对于伴有颈内静脉解剖异常或颈内静脉血栓的患者),可以减少穿刺并发症。

(四)肝静脉插管

颈内静脉穿刺成功后,将导丝送入下腔静脉,并沿导丝送入鞘管。调整导管导丝进入所选肝静脉并进行肝静脉造影,以了解下腔静脉肝静脉开口位置及解剖特点。测量并记录肝静脉游离压或第二肝门下腔静脉压。有条件者建议准确测量HVPG[72]。选择适当的肝静脉作为门静脉穿刺入路,将穿刺系统选择性插入肝静脉。作为穿刺入路的肝静脉尽可能要求其直径达1.0 cm以上,其主干位于门静脉左或右支后上方1.5~3.0 cm,并在水平面上与门静脉形成20°~60°角。通常肝右静脉较符合上述条件,但在肝硬化肝右叶严重萎缩者,肝右静脉常变细、上移,此时在此插管需要一定的经验和技巧。肝中静脉为次选,其位置较肝右静脉靠前偏下,与门静脉左、右干之间的距离较短并且夹角较大,选择此处进行穿刺前可以侧位透视观察其走向,以便调整进针点[73,74]。个别情况下可选用肝左静脉穿刺。如果无法进行肝静脉置管,可以进行超声引导下肝静脉穿刺[75]。如果无可用肝静脉,可经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉[76]

(五)门静脉穿刺

门静脉穿刺是TIPS成败的关键步骤,也是容易产生严重并发症的操作环节。术前通过观察影像学资料,预估穿刺角度,以减少穿刺次数[74]。门静脉穿刺常用的导向方法包括影像资料、间接门静脉造影和实时超声引导等。在这些方法的指导下,通常选择距离最短、弯曲角度最小的门静脉进行穿刺。对于肝静脉、门静脉走行及位置关系相对复杂的患者(如肝右叶萎缩、BCS、PVT),术前CT和MRI断面及冠面图像可以帮助操作者判断从肝静脉穿刺门静脉的最佳途径。

穿刺针到达预定的肝静脉后,嘱患者屏气,在透视下调整穿刺针在肝静脉的深度(一般以距肝静脉开口1.0~2.0 cm为宜)和角度(一般角度偏右时易穿中门静脉右支,偏左时则穿向左支,二者之间多为分叉部),然后顺势穿入肝实质3.0~5.0 cm,穿刺有突破感,停止后稳持导管鞘,用注射器一边负压抽吸一边后撤穿刺针外套管。如顺利抽到回血,立即在透视下注入对比剂,以证实是否穿入门静脉。若不成功,则应根据患者具体情况,调整穿刺深度及角度进行下一轮穿刺。数次穿刺不能抽到回血时可采用一边回撤穿刺针一边推注少量对比剂的方法,因为穿刺到门静脉小分支时可能抽不到回血,但可注射显影,此时可辨认门静脉穿刺点与穿刺针的关系,有时也可以插送导丝进入门静脉[73,74]

对肝静脉萎缩、闭塞或寻找困难的患者,可以选择第二肝门附近的肝后段下腔静脉进行门静脉穿刺。在穿刺门静脉困难的情况下,可采用经皮经肝穿刺置管直接门静脉造影引导穿刺。经皮经肝穿刺门静脉成功后引入导丝(导管或球囊)引导穿刺,导丝(导管或球囊)在肝门部向下转弯处标志门静脉分叉部。正位透视下向该部位偏内0.5~1.0 cm穿刺可刺中分叉部或门静脉右支,必要时结合侧位透视观察针尖与参照物的关系[74]。有意识地采用不同的技术组合,使每一次穿刺都有计划、有目的地进行。有条件者可采用B超引导下的穿刺技术术中数字减影血管造影(DSA)和CT静脉造影(CTV)图像融合导航技术,可减少肝包膜破裂以及误穿动脉、扩张胆管、肝实质肿物(囊肿、血管瘤、肿瘤)的发生可能[73,77]

(六)门腔通道的建立

从肝静脉穿刺门静脉成功后,通过注射对比剂判断所穿刺管腔是否为肝内门静脉分支。判断准确无误后,将造影导管引至脾静脉或肠系膜上静脉进行直接门静脉造影,测量基线水平的门静脉压力、下腔静脉压力,计算门静脉和下腔静脉之间的压力差,作为门静脉压力梯度(portal venous pressure gradient,PPG)。

(七)球囊导管扩张术及腔内支架植入术

沿导丝送入球囊导管并扩张穿刺道,通常采用6.0~8.0 mm球囊。结合球囊扩张时的切迹及血管造影结果选择合适的血管内支架,定位后释放。释放支架时要注意各种支架的特性。随机对照研究结果显示,覆膜支架TIPS可以显著降低支架功能障碍的发生率,但对HE和生存无显著影响[78]。对于TIPS专用支架,远心端覆膜部分应开始于门静脉和肝实质的汇合处,近心端应到达肝静脉下腔静脉入口处,同时避免支架过度进入下腔静脉或右心房,以免增加日后肝移植手术的难度。对于非TIPS专用支架,近心端标准同上,支架下端应尽可能顺应门静脉走行。对于术中支架两端位置欠佳者,可直接叠放支架予以矫正,以保证支架走行顺畅,无扭曲和明显成角,两端覆盖充分。术后门静脉造影确认血流通过支架的顺畅性,并再次测量门静脉和第二肝门下腔静脉压力,计算PPG。

(八)术后PPG的测量和最佳阈值

PPG的测量建议选择门静脉-下腔静脉压力梯度,即在清醒或轻度镇静的状态下,分别在门静脉主干和下腔静脉支架引流处测量。对于急诊TIPS,建议在患者血流动力学稳定后(分流道建立24 h后)重复测量PPG[79,80]。有些中心采用门静脉压力与右心房压力的差值作为PPG,但由于右心房压力代表胸腔压力,比腹压略低,门静脉-下腔静脉压力梯度要比门静脉-右心房压力梯度低2.5 mm Hg[81]

对于曲张静脉破裂出血,建议PPG降低到12 mm Hg或以下,曲张静脉再出血的风险显著降低[82]。PPG比基线水平降低50%以上可以显著降低曲张静脉再出血风险[83]。对于胃底曲张静脉,目前最佳PPG尚未确定,通常认为预防胃底静脉曲张破裂出血所需的压力要低于12 mm Hg[84]。顽固性腹水患者术后最佳PPG尚不清楚,推荐降至8 mm Hg以下[85]。由于腹水的形成不仅与门静脉高压相关,而且受到肾功能的影响,因此,很难确定顽固性腹水患者的降压最佳阈值[86]

(九)门体侧支血管的栓塞

TIPS术中是否栓塞侧支血管目前仍存在争议。一项纳入6项研究的荟萃分析结果显示,TIPS术中联合曲张静脉栓塞较单独TIPS降低了再出血发生率,而支架狭窄、HE发生率差异无统计学意义[87]。伴有顽固性HE的肝硬化患者中,71%的患者存在脾肾分流道。因此,栓塞大的自发性门腔分流道可以作为顽固性HE的一个治疗靶点,从而有效降低HE的发生率[88]。门体侧支血管栓塞可在门腔静脉分流道建立前进行,也可以在分流道建立后实施。

六、TIPS并发症及其处理

TIPS并发症可发生于TIPS术中及术后。依据发生机制不同可分为操作及分流相关并发症;而依据严重程度不同又可分为轻度及重度并发症。操作相关并发症主要包括胆道出血及损伤、腹腔出血、支架异位、肝动脉损伤、胆汁性腹膜炎、皮肤放射性灼伤、肾功能不全及穿刺部位血肿等[89];分流相关并发症主要包括HE、急性肝功能衰竭、肝脏梗死、一过性肺水肿及急性血栓形成等[89]。除HE外,TIPS并发症发生率均较低,且随着操作者经验的积累,发生率可进一步降低[89,90]。操作相关并发症多数在对症治疗后好转,致死性并发症的发生率为1.7%(0.6%~4.3%)[91]

(一)操作相关并发症
1.胆道出血:

TIPS操作过程中胆道损伤十分常见,但通常很少造成严重后果[92]。误伤胆道及邻近血管造成动脉-胆道瘘或门静脉-胆道瘘可导致胆道出血。胆道出血多数为自限性,无需特殊治疗[93]。动脉-胆道瘘可导致致命性胆道出血,应尽早采取经导管动脉栓塞术(transcatheter arterial embolization,TAE)治疗[94]。门静脉-胆道瘘导致的持续胆道出血,若药物保守治疗无效,可考虑胆道置管或覆膜支架植入封堵瘘口[95]

2.腹腔出血:

腹腔出血为TIPS重度并发症之一[89]。在TIPS穿刺过程中,损伤肝动脉、肝外门静脉、操作引起肠系膜血管壁撕裂及穿破肝包膜均可造成腹腔出血。当患者出现腹部疼痛、进行性腹膨隆、血流动力学不稳定等表现时,需警惕是否出现致命性腹腔出血[96]。腹腔穿刺及腹部超声有助于腹腔出血的诊断,必要时行计算机断层摄影血管造影明确可能的出血来源[96]。对于术中反复穿刺后血压下降迅速者,建议即刻行肝动脉造影排除肝动脉损伤,明确肝动脉损伤导致的腹腔出血可采取TAE止血[97]。门静脉损伤所致的腹腔出血,顺利开通分流道及药物保守治疗后多可好转,如出血仍无法控制,可考虑覆膜支架植入[98]

3.支架异位:

覆膜支架的应用使TIPS分流道1年狭窄及闭塞率明显下降[99]。分流道狭窄及闭塞大多与支架异位相关,包括支架覆膜部分未完全覆盖肝实质段、支架未能放置到肝静脉-下腔静脉汇合处[100]。术中仔细测量分流道长度并选择合适支架,可减少支架异位的发生,如出现支架异位,可通过叠加其他支架的方法延长或修正分流道[101]

(二)分流相关并发症
1.HE:

HE是TIPS术后较为常见的分流相关并发症[102],但TIPS术后新发或加重的HE发病率仅为13%~36%[103,104,105],多出现在术后1~3个月[106]。TIPS术后HE的病因不单是建立的TIPS分流道导致肠源性神经毒素入体循环,还包括TIPS术后暂时性肝功能下降、血脑屏障通透性增加等[107,108,109]。应用TIPS专用支架,术中栓塞自发性门体分流及曲张静脉[110],及从门静脉左支建立分流道等措施可以降低TIPS术后HE的发生率[111]。对于轻度的HE,给予一般对症治疗[112]、饮食调整及药物治疗,并预防严重HE的发生;对于严重的HE,首先要积极寻找诱因,祛除诱因,并加强药物治疗[113]

难治性HE发病率为3%~8%[114,115,116,117,118],大部分患者可通过支架内限流术改善症状[119],但对限流术无反应的患者一般预后较差[115]。临时封闭分流道可以用来治疗TIPS相关的早期肝功能衰竭[120]。无论支架内限流术还是封闭分流道之前均应该考虑到术后再出血或者腹水加重等其他门静脉高压失代偿事件的再次发生。对于支架内限流或封闭后临床症状改善不明显的患者肝移植是最终的治疗方法[121]

肝性脊髓病是非常罕见的慢性肝病的并发症,外科行门腔静脉分流术后及TIPS术后严重肝功能不全时也罕见发生[122],MRI对肝性脊髓病的预测及诊断具有意义[123]。肝性脊髓病表现为伴有感觉缺失的痉挛性瘫痪及轻度感觉异常。肝性脊髓病患者应预防跌倒,保守治疗方法包括限制蛋白摄入、口服乳果糖导泻、苯二氮䓬受体拮抗剂、大剂量维生素B、加巴喷丁、己酮可可碱等药物。保守治疗效果不佳时,部分脾动脉栓塞[124]、早期行TIPS分流道内限流术或封闭术及早期肝移植都是有效的治疗手段[125,126,127]

2.急性肝功能衰竭:

TIPS术后血流动力学改变可导致肝脏局部缺血,Child-Pugh评分高的患者更易出现[101]。多数患者为自限性或仅需保守治疗[100]。少数患者可出现肝脏梗死及急性肝功能衰竭,病死率高[128]。肝脏梗死可表现为右上腹痛及肝功能恶化,CT或MRI有助于评估缺血梗死区域[101,128]。除积极药物治疗外,通过缩减TIPS分流道直径可减少过多的分流,有望缓解肝功能的进一步恶化[128]。如仍出现持续的胆红素升高,应考虑急性肝功能衰竭的可能,肝移植可能是肝功能衰竭患者挽救生命唯一有效的方法[101,128]

七、TIPS术后管理
(一)TIPS术后分流道评估

TIPS术后应在术后1周及1、3、6个月复查彩色多普勒超声评估分流道情况,此后每半年复查1次[129,130]。随访过程中再次出现门静脉高压症状,如复发性腹水、静脉曲张出血,提示分流道再狭窄可能,需对分流道进一步评估[131]。裸支架植入后存在早期支架急性血栓形成的风险,通常在术后24 h内即行彩色多普勒超声评估分流道,及早发现血流不畅、支架堵塞并进行相应处理[129]。覆膜支架植入后由于覆膜间空气的影响,早期彩色多普勒超声检查可出现假阳性结果,因此,首次彩色多普勒超声检查应在术后1周进行[132]。彩色多普勒超声示分流道血流速度峰值<50 cm/s或>200 cm/s时高度提示存在支架功能障碍[131],需进一步门静脉造影及压力测定明确分流道情况。

目前尚无证据表明覆膜支架植入后抗血小板聚集及抗凝治疗能降低支架再狭窄的发生率[67,106,133]。应依据患者具体情况选择,不推荐术后常规使用[67,91,106,130]。如合并高凝状态,如BCS及门静脉血栓患者,术后常规抗凝可能受益[67,134,135]

(二)消化道出血TIPS术后管理

接受急诊TIPS的消化道出血患者术后建议重症监护[136]。术后管理内容主要为维持患者生命体征稳定,评估出血是否控制,监测肝、肾、心、肺等脏器功能及预防HE的发生[132]。此类患者肝功能监测尤为重要,因术后存在极高的肝衰竭风险[137]。择期TIPS的患者术后管理主要包括24 h内临床症状的评估及肝功能监测。如指标均在正常范围及症状好转,可考虑出院。如发现明显肝功能异常或症状恶化,则需进一步处理。

术后1周时随访内容主要包括评估患者一般情况及精神状态,肝肾功能监测及彩色多普勒超声评估分流道情况。此后的随访内容还应包括营养状况、HE、机能状态评估及有无肝癌发生等[132]

(三)腹水TIPS术后管理

腹水患者的术后管理更加复杂,腹水的出现常常提示预后较差。TIPS术后70%~80%的患者可有效地控制腹水,但仍需配合低盐饮食、限制液体摄入及利尿剂使用[138,139,140]。TIPS术后应依据患者对利尿剂的反应进行剂量调整,通常需要减少利尿剂用量,直至有效的最低剂量。

(四)营养支持

肝硬化患者常出现营养代谢失衡。与营养代谢失衡、吸收障碍等因素所致的营养摄入不足有关[141]。TIPS术后,尤其是腹水患者,更加面临营养代谢失衡的问题[132]。肝硬化患者对蛋白质的需求量增加,除消化道出血或HE患者应短期内限制动物蛋白摄入外,TIPS术后不必过度限制蛋白质摄入,并应鼓励进食高比例的植物蛋白[141,142]。鼓励进食高热量、高纤维、富含优质蛋白的食物;脂肪提供的能量比例应控制在25%~30%[132]。少食多餐,日间进食时间间隔应控制在3~5 h,并建议夜间进食1次[132,141]

委员会成员

指南编委会主任委员:滕皋军(东南大学附属中大医院)

指南编委会秘书兼执笔组长:李肖(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院);孙军辉(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院)

编委会委员(按姓氏拼音排列):褚建国(解放军空军特色医学中心);丁鹏绪(郑州大学附属第一医院);段峰(解放军总医院);高飞(中山大学附属肿瘤医院);侯昌龙(安徽省立医院);黄明声(中山大学附属第三医院);纪建松(浙江大学丽水医院);靳勇(苏州大学附属第二医院);李家平(中山大学附属第一医院);李建军(首都医科大学附属佑安医院);李肖(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院);刘福全(首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院);罗剑钧(复旦大学附属中山医院);罗小平(重庆医科大学附属第二医院);祁小龙(兰州大学第一医院);任伟新(新疆医科大学附属第一医院);孙军辉(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院);王忠敏(上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院);向华(湖南省人民医院);熊斌(华中科技大学附属协和医院);徐克(中国医科大学附属第一医院);薛挥(西安交通大学附属第一医院);杨坡(哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院);杨维竹(福建医科大学附属协和医院);于长路(天津市第三中心医院);张春清(山东省立医院);张大志(重庆医科大学附属第二医院);赵剑波(南方医科大学南方医院);钟红珊(中国医科大学附属第一医院);周石(贵州医科大学附属医院);朱晓黎(苏州大学附属第一医院);诸葛宇征(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院)

执笔:曹家伟(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院);丁鹏绪(郑州大学附属第一医院);段峰(解放军总医院);高飞(中山大学附属肿瘤医院);李雷(兰州大学附属第一医院);李肖(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院);罗剑钧(复旦大学附属中山医院);罗薛峰(四川大学华西医院);孙军辉(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院);熊斌(华中科技大学附属协和医院);赵剑波(南方医科大学南方医院);周坦洋(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院)

利益冲突

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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