Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis Group, Birth Defect Prevention and Control Committee, Chinese Preventive Medical Association
刘俊涛,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院妇产科 国家妇产疾病临床医学研究中心,北京 100730,Email:liujt@pumch.cn,电话:010-69156211 Liu Juntao, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China, Email: liujt@pumch.cn, Tel: 0086-10-69156211
参照国际相关学会、协会和研究团体近期发布的关于携带者筛查的共识、指南及相关重要研究成果,中华预防医学会出生缺陷预防与控制专业委员会产前筛查和诊断学组协同国内相关领域专家,基于中国人群携带者筛查临床实践的研究结果,通过调研、检索文献及查询数据库确定共识主题,经过多次线上讨论,针对携带者筛查的临床应用形成本共识。共识内容包括携带者筛查的定义、适用人群、疾病纳入列表、实验室检测质量控制(简称质控)、报告撰写,以及检测前后咨询等方面。收集现有研究证据,按照证据和推荐等级分级评估、制定和评价(grading of recommendations,assessment,development and evaluations,GRADE)进行质量评价和推荐意见分级(表1)[10]。本共识直接采用了具有较强临床循证证据等级(Ⅲ级及以上),国外指南给予A或B级推荐的处理措施。对于临床循证证据等级不高(Ⅲ级以下),国外指南给予C级及以下推荐的处理措施,通过邮件函审、汇总专家意见并进行面对面讨论,组织儿科、产科、产前诊断学科、耳鼻喉科、血液科及神经科等专家网络会议讨论,形成适合我国国情的携带者专家共识,作为本共识的C级推荐意见。
建议筛查发病时期较早,且疾病表型严重,预后较差的疾病。2017年美国妇产科医师学会(American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology,ACOG)发布的“携带者筛查专家共识”明确指出,选择纳入的疾病应符合有明确的表型、对生活质量有不良影响、导致认知或身体损伤、需要手术或医疗干预、或在生命早期发病等特征。该共识不建议筛查成人期发病的疾病[4]。
原则上,符合上述入选标准的疾病均可筛查。美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics,ACMG)2021年发布的指南[8]。对携带者筛查的疾病种类进行了分层推荐。一级携带者筛查包括囊性纤维化和脊髓性肌萎缩等2种疾病,以及在风险评估后确定额外的携带者筛查;二级携带者筛查在一级的基础上包括具有严重或中度表型且携带率至少为1/100 的疾病,共38种;三级携带者筛查在二级基础上包括了携带率至少为1/200的疾病和X连锁隐性遗传病,共113种;四级携带者筛查在三级的基础上包括了部分携带率小于1/200的疾病。ACMG指南建议所有孕妇和备孕者适合进行三级携带者筛查。然而,为了携带者筛查的获益最大化,降低潜在危害,提高临床实用性,提供携带者筛查服务的各机构或实验室应基于实际情况,个性化地确定筛查疾病的数量[19]。
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