放射性口腔黏膜炎辐射防护专家共识

中国抗癌协会肿瘤放射防护专业委员会 中华预防医学会放射卫生专业委员会
The Cancer Radiation Protection Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association The Radiation Health Committee of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association
袁响林,华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,武汉 430030,Email:yuanxianglin@hust.edu.cn 章真,复旦大学附属肿瘤医院,上海 200032,Email:zhen_zhang@fudan.edu.cn 樊赛军,中国医学科学院放射医学研究所,天津 300192,Email:fansaijun@irm-cams.ac.cn Yuan Xianglin, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China, Email: yuanxianglin@hust.edu.cn Zhang Zhen, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China, Email: zhen_zhang@fudan.edu.cn Fan Saijun, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China, Email: fansaijun@irm-cams.ac.cn

放射性口腔黏膜炎(radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis,RIOM)是电离辐射干扰口腔上皮细胞的正常更新而导致的急性黏膜损伤,是头颈肿瘤放射治疗中最常见的不良反应之一1。RIOM是放射治疗过程中最痛苦的不良反应,几乎发生于所有头颈肿瘤放射治疗患者。临床实践中,放射治疗常常与化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等其他治疗手段联合应用,不同程度增加了RIOM的发生率和严重程度,甚至导致放射治疗中断。RIOM继发引起营养不良、贫血、免疫力下降、睡眠障碍、抑郁等严重不良反应,极大降低了患者的生活质量和治疗效果,增加了患者住院率和社会经济负担。因此,采取积极有效的策略,降低患者RIOM的发生率及严重程度,改善患者的生活质量,并最终提高患者的放疗疗效,是头颈肿瘤放疗临床实践中非常重要的工作。

为进一步加强RIOM的规范化管理,中国抗癌协会肿瘤放射防护专业委员会和中华预防医学会放射卫生专业委员会联合牵头,组织肿瘤放射治疗和放射防护领域的多位专家学者,参考国内外相关文献,编写了本共识,进一步细化RIOM的防治策略,为临床诊疗提供有效可行的帮助。

一、临床表现

RIOM的常见症状包括局部疼痛、口干、进食困难、味觉障碍等,严重时还可能出现全身症状,如发热、乏力等2。此外,RIOM可能引起免疫防御下降、口腔菌群失调、感染风险增加,尤其是免疫功能严重低下的患者,败血症的发生风险可能增加3。RIOM常发生于颊部、唇部、舌侧缘、舌背、舌腹、口底和软腭等部位的黏膜,表现为红斑、糜烂、溃疡、出血,甚至坏死等4, 5

二、临床诊断

RIOM的主要诊断依据是头颈部放射治疗史和典型的临床表现。RIOM的严重程度与多种因素密切相关,如照射剂量、联合治疗模式等。常规分割照射条件下,当累积照射剂量<10 Gy,口腔黏膜出现红斑,伴随轻至中度的疼痛,但尚未出现明显的溃疡性改变5;当累积照射剂量达到16~22 Gy,口腔黏膜上皮完整性被破坏,出现糜烂充血,疼痛感增加5;当累积照射剂量>30 Gy,口腔黏膜出现广泛红斑、溃疡和伪膜覆盖,严重时诱发黏膜出血或坏死,常伴中度或重度疼痛,影响患者正常进食和睡眠。

三、口腔评估

目前有多种评估RIOM严重程度的标准6,最常用的包括:世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)7、美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute,NCI)8和美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)9等机构发布的分级标准。不同分级标准的评估依据不同:WHO主要依据进食食物性状;NCI的不良事件通用术语标准(common terminology criteria for adverse events,CTCAE)主要依据疼痛程度、是否影响进食;RTOG依据黏膜损伤程度、疼痛程度和镇痛药物的使用情况综合判断(附录1)。

治疗前基线数据收集和治疗期间定期评估是有效防治RIOM的重要环节。专家组推荐:所有头颈肿瘤放射治疗患者在治疗前都应进行基线数据收集和风险评估;治疗期间,每周应至少进行三次口腔评估。减少每周评估频率,可能导致部分患者被忽视。例如每周仅做一次评估,可能漏诊20%~36%的中重度RIOM10。口腔评估结果应详细记录在医疗/护理记录中,为医护人员及时调整诊疗方案提供临床依据。

四、病理生理

RIOM的病理生理是复杂的动态演变过程,是照射条件下黏膜层和黏膜下层组织微环境的动态相互作用过程。RIOM主要包括以下五个临床阶段11, 12:损伤起始阶段、初级损伤阶段、信号放大阶段、溃疡形成阶段及溃疡愈合阶段(附录2)。

五、危险因素

RIOM的危险因素分为三大类:患者临床特征、肿瘤相关因素和治疗相关因素。

1.患者临床特征:

(1)年龄和性别:年龄是RIOM的高危因素之一,但目前无统一结论。高龄患者发生RIOM的风险更高,可能与更差的组织愈合能力,且常合并基础疾病相关13, 14, 15。但也有学者发现年轻患者发生RIOM的风险更高,与其细胞更新速度较快,对放射线的敏感性较高有关1316。性别因素与RIOM的发生风险目前尚无统一的研究结论,女性患者的发生风险有增加的趋势17, 18

(2)口腔局部状况:口腔局部状况与RIOM的发生密切相关,常见的高危因素包括:口腔卫生差、残根残冠、不当的修复体、慢性牙体牙周疾病(如牙髓炎、根尖周炎、牙周炎等)、唾液腺功能障碍等1419

(3)吸烟和饮酒:吸烟可改变机体免疫反应,损害机体防御病原体的能力,放大炎症反应过程,从而使RIOM的发生风险增加1417。酒精的摄入提高了口腔黏膜对放射损伤的易感性,从而促进RIOM的发生,加重严重程度1420

(4)口腔和肠道菌群紊乱:口腔和肠道菌群紊乱促进RIOM的发生和加重严重程度。放射治疗前后的口腔菌群变化能预测RIOM的发生风险和严重程度。RIOM菌群分析显示,低α多样性和高比例革兰氏阴性菌,与更严重的RIOM相关21。放线菌、韦荣氏菌等口腔菌群与RIOM延迟愈合显著相关22。另外,患者放疗前富含真杆菌、食物谷菌和瘤胃球菌等肠道菌群在重度RIOM患者中显著增加23

(5)治疗前和治疗期间营养状态:营养状态是影响RIOM严重程度的最重要因素之一。营养状态相关的高危因素包括:低体重指数(body mass index,BMI)(<18.5 kg/m2)、治疗前4周内体重减轻超过5%、治疗前半年内体重减轻超过10%14。其中,放疗前低BMI或改良营养指数(modified nutrition index,m-NI)≤6,RIOM发生率显著增高24。放疗过程中出现明显营养损害的患者,≥2级RIOM的发生率也显著升高25。营养不良诱导中重度RIOM可能与其延迟RIOM愈合相关。

(6)合并症:糖尿病是RIOM的重要危险因素,主要与口腔菌群紊乱、胶原代谢异常有关,从而导致RIOM愈合延迟1426, 27。另外,合并骨髓抑制如贫血、白细胞或淋巴细胞降低等也是RIOM发生的高危因素28, 29

2.肿瘤相关因素:肿瘤位置和临床分期影响RIOM的发生风险和严重程度17。咽后淋巴结受累患者发生中重度RIOM的概率更高30

3.治疗相关因素

(1)放射治疗技术:相比于常规二维及三维适形放射治疗(three dimensional conformal radiation therapy,3D CRT),调强放射治疗(intensity modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)兼具提高肿瘤靶区剂量和降低危及器官剂量的优点,从而降低严重RIOM的发生率。接受IMRT的头颈肿瘤患者,≥3级RIOM发生率远低于接受3D CRT的患者(20.5%∶38.4%)31。碳离子、热中子等重离子束和质子束,因具有特殊的布拉格峰,可在特定深度(即肿瘤部位)几乎释放出全部能量,从而减少周围正常组织放射损伤。接受质子放疗的腮腺癌患者,口腔平均照射剂量仅为0.94 Gy,远低于IMRT的20.6 Gy,≥2级RIOM发生率显著降低(16.7%∶52.2%)32

(2)照射剂量和分割方式:口腔黏膜的照射剂量和照射体积是影响RIOM严重程度最关键的因素,但RIOM的剂量-体积参数预测模型尚未达成共识。多数专家认为,口腔黏膜照射剂量超过30~40 Gy,受照射体积越大,重度RIOM的发生率越高33。口腔黏膜照射剂量-体积参数V30 Gy>73%,重度RIOM发生风险显著升高(OR=10.24)34。当口腔黏膜累积照射剂量>39 Gy时,RIOM的持续时间超过3周的比例增加35

剂量分割方式也是RIOM的重要影响因素,包括常规照射、超分割照射、加速超分割照射等。照射方式不同,RIOM发生率和严重程度不同。2级以上的RIOM发生率,在常规照射患者中仅23%,而在加速超分割照射患者中高达75%36。重度RIOM的发生风险,在常规照射患者中,也显著低于非常规分割照射(超分割或加速分割)患者(24.1%∶35.2%)37

(3)联合用药:①放射治疗联合化疗药物:放化疗综合治疗策略是局部晚期头颈恶性肿瘤的标准治疗方案。化疗相关黏膜炎与RIOM叠加,显著增加了重度RIOM的发生率、严重程度和持续时间。头颈肿瘤术后瘤床照射患者中,同期放化疗患者重度RIOM发生率远高于单纯放疗组(62%∶37%)38。在同步放化疗序贯辅助化疗疗程中,仍有高达21%的患者出现持续重度RIOM39。不同化疗药物诱发重度RIOM的风险不同。IMRT联合铂类同步化疗,卡铂、奈达铂出现≥3级RIOM的风险显著低于顺铂40, 41。②放射治疗联合靶向治疗:放疗联合分子靶向治疗可能加重RIOM。表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)在口腔黏膜上皮广泛表达。靶向EGFR的单克隆抗体,如西妥昔单抗和尼妥珠单抗,是头颈鳞癌同步放疗的指南推荐药物。EGFR单抗分别与放疗或同步放化疗联用时,重度RIOM发生率显著升高42。③放射治疗联合免疫治疗:放射治疗联合免疫治疗是否加重RIOM尚无明确结论。在帕博利珠单抗联合放疗疗程中,32%的局部复发头颈鳞癌患者出现重度RIOM43。阿维鲁单抗联合放化疗与放化疗的RIOM发生率无明显差别44

六、预防

预防RIOM对提高患者的生活质量、保证放疗方案的顺利实施,具有重要的临床意义。预防RIOM的方法,包括优化放射治疗计划、保持口腔清洁、营养素摄入、药物预防等。

1.优化放射治疗计划:高RIOM风险的头颈肿瘤患者,在放疗定位时可辅助使用口腔支架、牙胶、颊舌保护器等,以减少正常口腔黏膜受到不必要的照射;在进行靶区设计时可勾画口腔黏膜,避免热点落在口腔黏膜,口腔平均剂量应限制在45 Gy以下;尽量降低非靶区内口腔黏膜剂量,应尽可能控制在40 Gy以下。口腔支架可将上下颌撑开、舌体压低或推开,从而避免口腔内正常组织受到高剂量的照射,降低重度RIOM的发生风险45

2.保持口腔清洁:基础口腔护理有利于患者保持口腔清洁卫生,是预防RIOM的重要环节(附录3)。大多数专家认为,生理盐水或碳酸氢钠含漱有助于维持口腔清洁,能有效预防RIOM。氯己定含漱液存在争议,因此不推荐用于预防RIOM46

3.营养干预及营养素补充

(1)营养风险筛查:放疗前基线评估为营养不良的患者,重度RIOM发生风险显著增加24。营养风险筛查2002(nutritional risk screening 2002,NRS-2002)评估表是目前临床上推荐使用的营养风险筛查工具,由欧洲临床营养和代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)制定更新。NRS-2002评分≥3分的患者,建议使用患者主观整体营养评估量表(patient generated subjective global assessment,PG-SGA)量表进一步评估,以进一步明确营养不良及严重程度47

(2)早期营养干预:放疗早期即启动营养干预的患者,治疗期间的营养评分明显改善,重度RIOM的发生率显著下降48, 49, 50

(3)营养素摄入:营养素分为七大类,即蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物、矿物质、膳食纤维、维生素和水。其中,维持蛋白质摄入量是降低重度RIOM发生风险的重要预防措施。中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会牵头制定的《放疗营养规范化管理专家共识》推荐放疗期间患者每日摄入25~30 kcal/kg营养素,其中蛋白质摄入量为1.2~2.0 g/(kg·d)51。对于存在营养风险或营养不良的患者,需及时予以营养干预和动态调整,以预防重度RIOM的发生25

谷氨酰胺是人体最丰富的游离氨基酸。口服谷氨酰胺能显著减轻RIOM严重程度,缩短持续时间,减少阿片类镇痛药的用量,降低鼻胃管置管率和治疗中断的发生率52。因此,专家建议口服谷氨酰胺预防RIOM的发生。

其他营养素也可用于预防RIOM的发生:适量补锌可减少RIOM的发生,降低严重程度53;维生素E油性溶液含漱,可降低RIOM的发生率54;蜂蜜含漱吞服能显著降低中重度RIOM发生率,缓解疼痛,被肿瘤支持疗法多国协会(Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer,MASCC)/国际口腔肿瘤学会(International Society of Oral Oncology,ISOO)临床指南推荐用于预防肿瘤相关性黏膜炎55, 56

4、药物预防

(1)抗炎药物:苄达明是局部作用的非甾体抗炎药,具有局部麻醉和镇痛作用。苄达明漱口水能有效预防及降低RIOM严重程度57。因此,专家推荐使用苄达明漱口水预防RIOM。

(2)抗氧化药物:活性氧是RIOM病理生理过程中的重要中间产物,有效的抗氧化治疗有助于阻止RIOM的发生发展。每天静脉注射抗氧化剂avasopasem manganese(GC 4419)可以有效降低RIOM的严重程度,缩短持续时间58, 59。但此药尚未在国内上市,专家暂不推荐用于RIOM的预防。

(3)细胞因子:帕利夫明(palifermin)是一种具有多效性的重组人角质细胞生长因子,每周静脉注射显著降低重度RIOM的发生60, 61。但也有研究得出相反的结论,帕利夫明并不能显著降低患者RIOM的发生率及缩短持续时间62

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor,GM-CSF)具有促进伤口愈合及修复黏膜屏障的作用。局部预防性使用GM-CSF(漱口后吞服)可降低RIOM的严重程度63, 64,但皮下注射GM-CSF(250 μg/m2,每周3次)不能降低RIOM的严重程度及改善患者的症状65。鉴于目前研究结论不统一,因此尚无足够的证据支持使用帕利夫明或GM-CSF来预防RIOM。

(4)黏膜保护剂:硫糖铝可覆盖在口腔黏膜上而起到减少口腔黏膜损伤及刺激的作用,但局部及全身用药均不能有效减少RIOM的发生66, 67, 68。因此,专家不建议用于头颈肿瘤放疗患者RIOM的预防。

(5)沙利度胺:沙利度胺可通过阻断核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)活化及抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的产生来治疗RIOM69。同步放化疗期间每晚服用75 mg沙利度胺,可显著延迟RIOM的出现,减少重度黏膜炎的发生70。因此,专家建议放疗期间口服沙利度胺预防RIOM的发生,但对于妊娠患者及静脉血栓高危患者应避免使用。

(6)中药:中药及中成药具有清热解毒、益气养阴、滋阴生津的作用,可预防RIOM的发生及减轻患者症状。中成药双花百合片(4片/次,3次/d,服用7周)显著延迟RIOM的发生,降低RIOM的发生率及减轻RIOM严重程度71。康复新液漱口后吞服也显著降低RIOM的发生率及严重程度72。专家建议可合理使用中药及中成药预防RIOM发生。

5.激光预防:低能量激光治疗(low level laser therapy,LLLT)可减少炎性因子的表达,促进口腔黏膜炎的愈合,已被证实可推迟RIOM的发生,并降低其严重程度73。在老年头颈肿瘤患者中,LLLT也可降低严重RIOM的发生率和持续时间74。专家建议对于接受放疗或放化疗的头颈肿瘤患者,可使用合适参数的口腔内LLLT预防RIOM,但口腔肿瘤患者需谨慎使用。

七、治疗

目前RIOM的治疗目的是减轻症状、降低重度黏膜炎发生率、缩短重度黏膜炎持续时间和减少并发症。RIOM的治疗方法分为非药物治疗和药物治疗两个方面。

1.非药物治疗:对于已发生RIOM的患者,医护人员应对患者进行:①实时的口腔评估,直到RIOM完全消退75;②准确的营养状况评估,≥3级RIOM患者应由营养师制订个性化的营养方案,必要时鼻胃管喂养、经皮内镜下胃造口术或肠外营养治疗76;③指导患者保持口腔清洁和良好的口腔卫生习惯;④宣教RIOM并发症的风险,以便及时发现并报告。

肿瘤患者易出现焦虑和抑郁,RIOM患者的心理健康状况可能进一步恶化。专家建议定期进行心理健康评估,必要时心理干预治疗。

2. 药物治疗:

(1)镇痛药:镇痛治疗是RIOM管理的关键措施,以局部用药为主。利多卡因含漱和芬太尼鼻喷雾是缓解RIOM疼痛的有效方法77。MASCC/ISOO指南建议0.2%吗啡漱口水用于治疗RIOM导致的疼痛56。中度疼痛推荐小剂量控释羟考酮,提高生活质量78。疼痛加重时,推荐使用吗啡或芬太尼等镇痛药。

(2)口腔凝胶:口腔凝胶可在口腔黏膜表面形成保护膜,起到机械保护作用,从而有效降低患者口腔黏膜疼痛评分79。因此专家建议口腔凝胶用于治疗RIOM相关疼痛。

(3)抗感染药物:RIOM口腔黏膜屏障破坏易导致病原体入侵,继发局部或全身感染。目前国内外的共识均未推荐预防性抗感染治疗。当患者有明确感染时,建议留取标本行病原体培养及药敏试验。针对病原菌积极抗感染治疗可有效缓解RIOM相关的疼痛80。当RIOM合并真菌感染时,口服氟康唑胶囊(200 mg/d,首剂加倍,连续口服2周)辅以2.5%的碳酸氢钠溶液漱口,可以显著降低口腔内白斑面积,改善口腔环境81。咪康唑口腔贴片对口咽念珠菌感染的临床治愈率显著高于伊曲康唑胶囊(分别为68%和59%)82

(4)细胞因子及生长因子:目前,细胞因子及生长因子类药物对RIOM的治疗效果仍存在争议。人角质细胞生长因子可将放化疗引起的严重RIOM发生率降低30%83。重组人表皮生长因子治疗RIOM的有效率达90%84。含重组人GM-CSF的漱口水可显著提高鼻咽癌放化疗患者RIOM的治愈率,降低患者口腔黏膜损伤程度和疼痛程度,改善患者咀嚼吞咽功能85。但由于相关研究证据级别较低,目前尚无足够的证据支持生长因子或细胞因子用于RIOM86

(5)中药:中药也是治疗RIOM的有效方法。姜黄素可显著减轻RIOM,且具有安全、经济等优点87, 88。康复新液含服(每次10 ml,3次/d)可促进黏膜愈合、减少真菌感染89。因此专家建议可合理使用中药或中成药来治疗RIOM。

八、进展

微生物疗法在口腔黏膜炎的防治研究中取得了一定进展。头颈肿瘤患者在同期放化疗期间使用短乳杆菌CD2能降低3-4级RIOM的发生率90。晚期鼻咽癌患者在同期放化疗期间使用益生菌组合(长双歧杆菌、乳酸乳杆菌和屎肠球菌),显著降低2-3级黏膜炎发生率91。利用口腔微生物菌群移植重建放疗后口腔和肠道的微生物群,是预防RIOM的一种新型治疗策略92。细菌去定植疗法在预防RIOM中也展现出一定的潜力。一项正在进行的随机临床研究旨在探索放疗前鼻咽癌患者鼻孔细菌去定植预防重度RIOM的发生(NCT0589 3810)。

目前多项临床研究正在探索谷氨酰胺联合沙利度胺、营养管理、光生物调节、口服芦荟汁、外用橄榄油等在RIOM预防和治疗方面的作用(NCT06031012、NCT05721885、NCT04671862、NCT05242991、NCT05322421、NCT05856188),研究结果有望改变目前的临床实践。

吞咽爆发痛是RIOM临床瓶颈问题,严重影响患者的进食及生活质量。根据吞咽爆发痛的发生部位,重新定义危及器官靶区范围,能有效提高放射性黏膜炎的预测效能,有望提供新的防治策略。

九、小结

RIOM是头颈肿瘤放疗中最常见的并发症之一,严重影响患者的生活质量及治疗依从性,其全程管理包括:

1.放疗前阶段。(1)口腔准备:由口腔科专业人员评估口腔情况,清除可能造成黏膜损伤的牙体。(2)选择合适的放疗技术:优化放疗靶区,尽量降低口腔及周围正常组织的照射剂量。

2.放疗阶段。(1)患者教育:每天对口腔黏膜情况进行自我监测。(2)基础口腔护理:保持牙齿及牙龈清洁;使用生理盐水或碳酸氢钠含液漱口,至少4次/d;保持口腔和嘴唇湿润。(3)营养干预及营养素补充:进行营养风险筛查,早期进行营养干预;保证营养摄入总量,特别是蛋白质摄入量;口服谷氨酰胺(Ⅱ级证据);蜂蜜含漱吞服(Ⅱ级证据)。(4)药物预防:使用苄达明漱口水含漱(Ⅱ级证据);合理使用中药及中成药(Ⅱ级证据)。(5)激光预防:使用合适参数的低能量激光治疗来预防接受放疗(Ⅱ级证据)或放化疗(Ⅰ级证据)的头颈肿瘤患者,除外口腔癌。(6)口腔支架(Ⅱ级证据)。

3.轻/中度黏膜炎(WHO 1-2级)。(1)患者教育:保持口腔清洁卫生,及时报告相关并发症。(2)口腔评估及口腔护理。(3)营养干预:进行营养状况评估,制订个性化营养方案,必要时鼻胃管喂养、经皮内镜下胃造口术或肠外营养治疗。(4)镇痛处理:0.2%吗啡含漱液(Ⅲ级证据);口腔凝胶(Ⅱ级证据);具有局部镇痛作用的漱口水或喷雾,非阿片类或弱阿片类镇痛药。(5)抗感染治疗:留取标本进行病原学检查,并根据药敏试验结果选择敏感药物进行抗生素或抗真菌治疗。(6)中药治疗:合理使用中药及中成药(Ⅲ级证据)。(7)心理治疗。

4.重度黏膜炎(WHO 3-4级)。除轻/中度黏膜炎的治疗建议外,建议:(1)加强口腔护理。(2)加强疼痛管理:使用吗啡或芬太尼等镇痛药。(3)加强心理治疗:注重患者心理疏导。

识别高危因素和高危人群,及时给予有效的干预措施,对降低RIOM发生风险和缩短病程具有重要的意义。基础口腔护理、及时的营养干预及营养素的补充、精准的靶区勾画、个体化放疗方案的制订以及口腔照射剂量限量等均是预防RIOM的重要措施。治疗原则是减轻症状和处理并发症,包括营养支持、疼痛管理、预防及治疗继发感染等。补充益生菌及口腔微生物群移植等微生物疗法在RIOM防治中展示出广阔的应用前景,期待更多高级别临床研究证据的出现,以进一步优化RIOM的防治策略。

共识执笔人 官键、易俊林

共识专家组成员(排名不分先后)白静(包头市肿瘤医院),樊赛军、崔明(中国医学科学院放射医学研究所),戴永美(福建省立医院),冯梅(四川省第三人民医院),官键、王小清(南方医科大学南方医院),韩非、唐玲珑(中山大学肿瘤防治中心),洪金省(福建医科大学第一附属医院),林勤(厦门大学附属第一医院),林志雄(汕头大学医学院附属肿瘤医院),刘雅洁(北京大学深圳医院),秦继勇(云南省肿瘤医院),邱素芳(福建省肿瘤医院),孙健达(梅州市人民医院),王利利(苏州大学附属第一医院),王若峥(新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院),吴伟莉(贵州医科大学附属肿瘤医院),易俊林(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院),袁响林(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院),章真(复旦大学附属肿瘤医院),钟亚华(武汉大学中南医院)

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