The Cancer Radiation Protection Committee of China Anti-Cancer AssociationThe Radiation Health Committee of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association
袁响林,华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,武汉 430030,Email:yuanxianglin@hust.edu.cn章真,复旦大学附属肿瘤医院,上海 200032,Email:zhen_zhang@fudan.edu.cn樊赛军,中国医学科学院放射医学研究所,天津 300192,Email:fansaijun@irm-cams.ac.cn Yuan Xianglin, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China, Email: yuanxianglin@hust.edu.cnZhang Zhen, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China, Email: zhen_zhang@fudan.edu.cnFan Saijun, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China, Email: fansaijun@irm-cams.ac.cn
目前有多种评估RIOM严重程度的标准[6],最常用的包括:世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)[7]、美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute,NCI)[8]和美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)[9]等机构发布的分级标准。不同分级标准的评估依据不同:WHO主要依据进食食物性状;NCI的不良事件通用术语标准(common terminology criteria for adverse events,CTCAE)主要依据疼痛程度、是否影响进食;RTOG依据黏膜损伤程度、疼痛程度和镇痛药物的使用情况综合判断(附录1)。
(1)营养风险筛查:放疗前基线评估为营养不良的患者,重度RIOM发生风险显著增加[24]。营养风险筛查2002(nutritional risk screening 2002,NRS-2002)评估表是目前临床上推荐使用的营养风险筛查工具,由欧洲临床营养和代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)制定更新。NRS-2002评分≥3分的患者,建议使用患者主观整体营养评估量表(patient generated subjective global assessment,PG-SGA)量表进一步评估,以进一步明确营养不良及严重程度[47]。
其他营养素也可用于预防RIOM的发生:适量补锌可减少RIOM的发生,降低严重程度[53];维生素E油性溶液含漱,可降低RIOM的发生率[54];蜂蜜含漱吞服能显著降低中重度RIOM发生率,缓解疼痛,被肿瘤支持疗法多国协会(Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer,MASCC)/国际口腔肿瘤学会(International Society of Oral Oncology,ISOO)临床指南推荐用于预防肿瘤相关性黏膜炎[55, 56]。
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