The Subspecialty Group of Cardiology, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical AssociationPediatric Cardiovascular Disease Committee, College of Cardiovascular Physicians, Chinese Medical Doctor Associationthe Editorial Board, Chinese Journal of Pediatrics
李自普,青岛市妇女儿童医院心脏中心,青岛 266034,Email:apuqd@sina.com田杰,重庆医科大学附属儿童医院心内科,重庆 400014,Email:jietian@cqmu.edu.cn韩玲,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院小儿心内科,北京 100029,Email:hanl6610@sina.com Li Zipu, Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children′s Hospital, Qingdao 266034, China, Email: apuqd@sina.comTian Jie, Department of Cardiology, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China, Email: jietian@cqmu.edu.cnHan Ling, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China, Email: hanl6610@sina.com
共识制订遵循“制订/修订《临床诊疗指南》的基本方法及程序”[4],建立共识制订工作组,包括儿童心内科、心外科、重症、影像及循证专家等;工作组成员均填写统一设计的利益冲突声明表。采用信息饱和原则收集临床问题,根据 PI(E)CO原则考虑每个临床问题的相关要素,最终纳入18个临床问题。针对18个临床问题,采用主题词和自由词相结合的方式,英文检索词为“dilated cardiomyopathy”“pediatric”“diagnose”“treatment”等;中文检索词为“扩张型(性)心肌病”“儿童”“诊断”“治疗”等。检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、UpToDate、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网数据库和VIP数据库,检索时限均从建库至2023年2月28日。制定文献纳排标准,规范评价文献[5];采用推荐分级的评估、制订与评价(grading of recommendations assessment,development and evluation,GRADE)法对证据和推荐强度进行分级(表1)[6]。从证据质量、干预措施的利弊、成本效果等多维度形成推荐意见,采用德尔菲法表决,最终确定18条推荐意见。共识将在发表后每3~5年依据国际指南的更新流程予以更新,其传播与推广的主要方式有:学术期刊发表,学术会议解读,微信、网络和其他平台推介。
儿童DCM主要特征为心力衰竭、心律失常和栓塞,部分患儿可发生晕厥甚至心源性猝死。多数患儿早期无症状或仅表现为喂养困难、发育迟缓,部分患儿因急性心力衰竭或心源性休克就诊[1]。DCM患儿早期症状不典型,其诊断线索包括慢性心力衰竭表现、影像学检查发现心脏扩大、心律失常持续存在伴心脏扩大和(或)心功能障碍、心脏磁共振成像(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)发现心肌纤维化以及实验室检查抗心肌抗体阳性等;对家族性DCM家系中的儿童和急性病毒性心肌炎心力衰竭患儿进行密切随访有助于早期诊断DCM[1]。
推荐意见9:DCM患儿心力衰竭可分为心力衰竭风险期、心力衰竭前期、症状性心力衰竭期和心力衰竭晚期;纽约心脏病协会(New York Heart Association,NYHA)心功能分级、改良Ross分级和6分钟步行试验可用于评估DCM患儿的心力衰竭严重程度(强推荐、证据等级A)。
DCM患儿心力衰竭分为:(1)心力衰竭风险期(A期),该期无心力衰竭症状,不存在心脏病理性重构改变、心脏舒缩功能异常及心脏生物标志物异常,但存在心力衰竭危险因素,如遗传性家族史或致病基因突变、既往心肌炎史、心律失常、心脏毒性药物使用、风湿性疾病、慢性肾脏疾病、营养不良、中毒等。(2)心力衰竭前期(B期),该期无心力衰竭症状和体征,但可出现:①心脏病理性重构改变:如心脏扩大、心室壁运动异常、心肌纤维化;②心脏收缩和(或)舒张功能异常:无创和(或)有创检查(超声心动图、CMR、心导管等)证实LVEF<55%和(或)心室充盈压升高;③心力衰竭危险因素伴无其他病因可解释的心脏生物标志物(如BNP、NT-proBNP或肌钙蛋白)升高。(3)症状性心力衰竭期(C期),该期在B期基础上出现心力衰竭症状和体征;或虽无心力衰竭症状和体征,但LVEF<50%。(4)心力衰竭晚期(D期),该期患儿在给予指南指导下的药物治疗(guideline-directed medical therapies,GDMT)最佳处理后心力衰竭症状和体征持续存在或不缓解,反复住院,对日常生活造成显著影响;或给予足够的医疗干预后仍存在严重心力衰竭症状以及严重的、不可逆的多器官衰竭,不适合接受更高级的干预措施[2]。NYHA和改良Ross心功能分级可评估DCM患儿心力衰竭严重程度,监测其进展或疗效[8]。年龄≥5岁、症状稳定、心功能Ⅰ~Ⅲ级者可采用6分钟步行试验动态监测其心力衰竭程度及运动耐量变化,以指导DCM患儿的日常活动[8]。
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