Group of Urology, Branch of Pediatric Surgery, Chinese Medical Association
唐达星,浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心泌尿外科,杭州 310052,Email:tangdx0206@zju.edu.cn Tang Daxing, Department of Pediatric Urology, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou 310052, China, Email: tangdx0206@zju.edu.cn
为此,中华医学会小儿外科学分会泌尿学组针对隐匿性阴茎临床存在的问题或难点,分条初步拟定共识条目,邀请小儿泌尿专家根据多年临床经验对初拟共识中的条目进行评分,分值为1~9分,1~4分的条目不纳入最终共识,5分以上的为共识,并形成推荐意见。最后基于推荐分级的评价、制定和评估(grading of recommendations,assessment,development,evaluation;GRADE)系统对循证医学证据和推荐意见的评估进行分级(表1)。本共识初稿完成后,又多次在全国小儿泌尿学组年会宣讲,并广泛征求意见,专家组成员经过数次线上会议讨论修改,最终形成本共识。本共识的使用者为诊疗小儿泌尿外科疾病的所有医师,适用于被诊断为"隐匿性阴茎"的所有儿童。
隐匿性阴茎诊断时应与小阴茎、尿道下裂、尿道上裂等疾病鉴别。小阴茎是指阴茎解剖结构和外观形态正常,但阴茎牵伸长度小于相同年龄人群平均值2.5个标准差以上者。阴茎的长度通常通过牵伸测量或超声下测量疲软状态时的长度(用线阵探头放在阴茎背部测量长度),但超声测量还缺少大样本的正常值作为参考[3,29]。若患儿疑似小阴茎,建议按性发育异常(disorders of sex development,DSD)进行评估[30,31,32]。许多综合征在临床上可表现为小阴茎,且往往合并多系统异常,此时需行染色体和基因检查帮助诊断。需要注意的是克氏综合征(常见染色体核型为47,XXY或其嵌合体或变异型)在儿童时期常仅表现为阴茎显露不良,或阴茎海绵体短于正常值,但不符合小阴茎标准,常在隐匿性阴茎手术前后常规染色体检查时发现。少数远端型尿道下裂表现为隐匿性阴茎外观,此时需仔细鉴别,若打开狭窄的包皮外口可见下裂的尿道外口,应诊断为尿道下裂。隐匿性阴茎合并尿道上裂较少见,表现为极重度隐匿,但术前仔细触摸可以发现分裂的阴茎海绵体和扁平的阴茎头,若此时高度怀疑尿道上裂,需做好行尿道上裂修复术的准备。
参考文献MaizelsM, ZaontzM, DonovanJ, et al. Surgical correction of the buried penis: description of a classification system and a technique to correct the disorder[J]. , 1986, 136(1pt 2):268-271. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)44837-3.CimadorM, CatalanoP, OrtolanoR, et al. The inconspicuous penis in children[J]. , 2015, 12: 205-215. DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.49.付超,李旭良.正常男性阴茎生长发育调查[J]., 2010, 31(6):432-434. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2010.06.008.FuC, LiXL. Normal penile growth amongst Chinese[J]. , 2010, 31(6): 432-434. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2010.06.008.WilliamsCP, RichardsonBG, BukowskiTP. Importance of identifying the inconspicuous penis: prevention of circumcision complications[J]. , 2000, 56(1): 140-142. DOI: 10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00601-4.梁朝朝,王克孝,陈家应,等.合肥地区5 172名男性青少年外生殖器疾病的流行病学调查[J]., 1997, 77(1):15-17.LiangCZ, WangKX, ChenJY, et al. Eidemiological study of external genital diseases in 5 172 adolescents[J]. , 1997, 77(1):15-17.殷毓琪,范连伟,石军,等.酒泉市4 834名男性学生外生殖器发育与相关疾病流行病学调查研究[J]., 2012, 26(9):74-76. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-568X.2012.09.032.YinYQ, FanLW, ShiJ, et al. Epidemiological study on external genitalia development of 4 834 male students in Jiuquan[J]. , 2012, 26(9):74-76. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-568X.2012.09.032.TalaricoRD, JasaitisJE. Concealed penis: a complication of neonatal circumcision[J]. , 1973, 110(6): 732-733. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)60326-4.MetcalfePD, RinkRC. The concealed penis: management and outcomes[J]. , 2005, 15(4): 268-272. DOI: 10.1097/01.mou.0000172402.92761.5d.MirastschijskiU, SchwenkeC, MelchiorS, et al. Buried penis: a comprehensive review on aetiology, classification and plastic-surgical reconstruction[J]. , 2017, 49(2):78-84. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-122420.TraishAM, ParkK, DhirV, et al. Effects of castration and androgen replacement on erectile function in a rabbit model[J]. , 1999, 140(4): 1861-1868. DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.4.6655.中华医学会男科学分会.包茎和包皮过长及包皮相关疾病中国专家共识[J]., 2021, 27(9):845-852. DOI: 10.13263/j.cnki.nja.2021.09.013.Branch of Andrology, Chinese Medical Association. China expert consensus on phimosis, redundant prepuce and prepuce-related diseases[J]. , 2021, 27(9): 845-852. DOI: 10.13263/j.cnki.nja.2021.09.013.景中民,卢学仁,徐海亮,等.改良Brisson术对学龄期儿童隐匿性阴茎患者生长发育及生活质量的影响[J]., 2017, 38(9):41-44. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-1533.2017.09.019.JingZM, LuXR, XuHL, et al. Effects of modified Brisson surgery on the growth and the quality of life of school-age children with occult penis[J]. , 2017, 38(9):41-44. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-1533.2017.09.019.WylieKR, EardleyI. Penile size and the 'small penis syndrome'[J]. , 2007, 99(6): 1449-1455. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06806.x.HuntN, McHaleS. Psychosocial aspects of andrologic disease[J]. , 2007, 36(2): 521-531. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.001.HiguchiTT, YamaguchiY, WoodHM, et al. Evaluation and treatment of adult concealed penis[J]. , 2012, 13(4):277-284. DOI: 10.1007/s11934-012-0255-z.ZampieriN, DandoI, CamoglioFS. Adolescent male genitalia dissatisfaction: a surgical perspective[J]. , 2022, 24(2):176-179. DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_60_21.VealeD, MilesS, ReadJ, et al. Sexual functioning and behavior of men with body dysmorphic disorder concerning penis size compared with men anxious about penis size and with controls: a cohort study[J]. , 2015, 3(3): 147-155. DOI: 10.1002/sm2.63.TsangS. When size matters: a clinical review of pathological micropenis[J]. , 2010, 24(4):231-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.05.001.MenonPSN, KhatwaUA. The child with micropenis[J]. , 2000, 67(6):455-460. DOI: 10.1007/BF02859468.LeePA, MazurT, DanishR, et al. Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies and classification[J]. , 1980, 146(4):156-163.MichaelSL, WentzelK, ElliottMN, et al. Parental and peer factors associated with body image discrepancy among fifth-grade boys and girls[J]. , 2014, 43(1): 15-29. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9899-8.CasaleAJ, BeckSD, CainMP, et al. Concealed penis in childhood: a spectrum of etiology and treatment[J]. , 1999, 162(3pt 2):1165-1168. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)68114-x.RedmanJF. Buried penis: congenital syndrome of a short penile shaft and a paucity of penile shaft skin[J]. , 2005, 173(5): 1714-1717. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000154781.98966.33.LeeSD. Pediatric perspective: inconspicuous penis[M]//ParkNC. . Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2016: 237-255.HerndonCD, CasaleAJ, CainMP, et al. Long-term outcome of the surgical treatment of concealed penis[J]. , 2003, 170(4pt 2):1695-1697;discussion1697. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000083911.59937.c6.CrawfordBS. Buried penis[J]. , 1977, 30(1):96-99. DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1226(77)90046-7.RadhakrishnanJ, RazzaqA, ManickamK. Concealed penis[J]. , 2002, 18(8): 668-672. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-002-0770-y.HadidiAT. Buried penis: classification surgical approach[J]. , 2014, 49(2): 374-379. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.09.066.郭丽丽,唐达星.儿童阴茎生长指标超声全景测量的研究[J]., 2015, 21(4):371-375. DOI: 10.13263/j.cnki.nja.2015.04.015.GuoLL, TangDX. Study on ultrasonic panoramic measurement of penis growth index in children[J]. , 2015, 21(4): 371-375. DOI: 10.13263/j.cnki.nja.2015.04.015.LeePA, HoukCP, AhmedSF, et al. Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. International Consensus Conference on Intersex[J]. , 2006, 118(2): e488-e500. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-0738.唐达星.46, XY性别发育基本过程相关异常的发生及处理建议[J]., 2019, 18(3):161-166. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2019.03.001.TangDX. The occurrence of initial process of 46, XY sex abnormal development and the corresponding management suggestions[J]. , 2019, 18(3): 161-166. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2019.03.001.唐达星,付君芬.性别发育异常的新认识及外科选择[J]., 2016, 37(7):481-484. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2016.07.001.TangDX, FuJF. New understanding and surgical choice of gender dysplasia[J]. , 2016, 37(7): 481-484. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2016.07.001.ShalabyM, CascioS. Megaprepuce: a systematic review of a rare condition with a controversial surgical management[J]. , 2021, 37(6): 815-825. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-021-04883-5.WallaceA, AshrafJ. Megaprepuce: a new surgical technique with excellent cosmetic and functional results[J]. , 2021, 31(4): 489-496. DOI: 10.1089/lap.2020.0064.YangT, ZhangL, SuC, et al. Modified penoplasty for concealed penis in children[J]. , 2013, 82(3): 697-700. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.03.046.SugitaY, UeokaK, TagkagiS, et al. A new technique of concealed penis repair[J]. , 2009, 182(4suppl):1751-1754. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.03.010.GillettMD, RathbunSR, HusmannDA, et al. Split-thickness skin graft for the management of concealed penis[J]. , 2005, 173(2): 579-582. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000149606.27158.fa.ShapiroSR. Surgical treatment of the "buried" penis[J]. , 1987, 30(6): 554-559. DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(87)90435-3.PhilipI, NicholasJL. Congenital giant prepucial sac: case reports[J]. , 1999, 34(3): 507-508. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90515-8.FerroF, SpagnoliA, SpyridakisI, et al. Surgical approach to the congenital megaprepuce[J]. , 2006, 59(12):1453-1457. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.12.033.程帆,张孝斌,刘修恒,等.隐匿型阴茎的手术治疗(附63例报告) [J]., 2004, 10(2):100-102. DOI: 10.13263/j.cnki.nja.2004.02.005.ChengF, ZhangXB, LiuXH, et al. Concealed penis and its surgical correction: a report of 63 cases[J]. , 2004, 10(2):100-102. DOI: 10.13263/j.cnki.nja.2004.02.005.HuangW, TangD, GuW. The characteristics and distribution of nerve plexuses in the dartos fascia from concealed penis children[J]. , 2021, 9: 705155. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.705155.ShirakiIW, ShiraiRS. Congenital micropenile skin sleeve[J]. , 1975, 114(3): 469-472. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)67060-5.VincentMP, HortonCE, DevineCJJr. An evaluation of skin grafts for reconstruction of the penis and scrotum[J]. , 1988, 15(3):411-424.DevineCJ. Concealed and webbed penis[M]//HimanF. . Philadelphia: PA Saunders, 1994: 608-712.WollinM, DuffyPG, MalonePS, et al. Buried penis. A novel approach[J]. , 1990, 65(1):97-100. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1990.tb14667.x.BrissonP, PatelH, ChanM, et al. Penoplasty for buried penis in children: report of 50 cases[J]. , 2001, 36(3): 421-425. DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2001.21605.BorsellinoA, SpagnoliA, VallascianiS, et al. Surgical approach to concealed penis: technical refinements and outcome[J]. , 2007, 69(6):1195-1198. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.065.杨华军,徐哲明,唐达星,等. Sugita法治疗重度隐匿阴茎[J]., 2010, 31(6): 480-482. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2010.06.022.YangHJ, XuZM, TangDX, et al. Sugita therapy for severe concealed penis[J]. , 2010, 31(6): 480-482. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2010.06.022.BergesonPS, HopkinRJ, BaileyRBJr, et al. The inconspicuous penis[J]. , 1993, 92(6):794-799.唐达星,吴德华,陶畅,等.隐匿性阴茎矫治术后常见并发症及处理[J]., 2012, 18(5):450-454.TangDX, WuDH, TaoC, et al. Common complications and management after concealed penile correction[J]. , 2012, 18(5):450-454.