参考文献
[1]
LeePA.
Fertility after cryptorchidism:epidemiology and other outcome studies[J].
Urology,
2005,
66(
2):
427-
431.
.
[2]
TrussellJC, LeePA.
The relationship of cryptorchidism to fertility[J].
Curr Urol Rep,
2004,
5(
2):
142-
148.
.
[3]
SijstermansK, HackWW, MeijerRW,et al.
The frequency of undescended testis from birth to adulthood:a review[J].
Int J Androl,
2008,
31(
1):
1-
11.
.
[4]
KollinC, RitzenEM.
Cryptorchidism:a clinical perspective[J].
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev,
2014,
11(
Suppl 2):
240-
250.
[5]
TasianGE, CoppHL, BaskinLS.
Diagnostic imaging in cryptorchidism:utility,indications,and effectiveness[J].
J Pediatr Surg,
2011,
46(
12):
2406-
2413.
.
[6]
魏光辉,李旭良,龚以榜,等.
睾丸代偿性变化及对生育力影响的实验研究[J].
中华小儿外科杂志,
1997,
18(
3):
178-
180.
.
WeiGH, LiXL, GongYB,et al.Research on the compensatory testicular adaptation and its effect on fertility in wistar rats [J].Chin J Pediatr Surg,1997,18(3):178-180..
[7]
CoxMJ, CoplenDE, AustinPF.
The incidence of disorders of sexual differentiation and chromosomal abnormalities of cryptorchidism and hypospadias stratified by meatal location[J].
J Urol,
2008,
180(
6):
2649-
2652.
.
[8]
TeoAQ, KhanAR, WilliamsMP,et al.
Is surgical exploration necessary in bilateral anorchia?[J].
J Pediatr Urol,
2013,
9(
1):
e78-
81.
.
[9]
LeeMM, DonahoePK, SilvermanBL,et al.
Measurements of serum mullerian inhibiting substance in the evaluation of children with nonpalpable gonads[J].
N Engl J Med,
1997,
336(
21):
1480-
1486.
.
[10]
BragaLH, LorenzoAJ, RomaoRLP.
Canadian urological association-pediatric urologists of canada(cua-puc) guideline for the diagnosis,management,and followup of cryptorchidism[J].
Can Urol Assoc J,
2017,
11(
7):
E251-
E260.
.
[11]
KolonTF, HerndonCD, BakerLA,et al.
Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism:AUA guideline[J].
J Urol,
2014,
192(
2):
337-
345.
.
[12]
PensonDF, KrishnaswamiS, JulesA,et al.
Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism[J].
J Urol,
2012,
192(
2):
337-
345.
.
[13]
RadmayrC, DoganHS, HoebekeP,et al.
Management of undescended testes:European association of urology/european society for paediatric urology guidelines[J].
J Pediatr Urol,
2016,
12(
6):
335-
343.
.
[14]
WeiY, WuSD, WangYC,et al.
A 22-year retrospective study:educational update and new referral pattern of age at orchidopexy[J].
BJU Int,
2016,
118(
6):
987-
993.
.
[15]
ParkKH, LeeJH, HanJJ,et al.
Histological evidences suggest recommending orchiopexy within the first year of life for children with unilateral inguinal cryptorchid testis[J].
Int J Urol,
2007,
14(
7):
616-
621.
.
[16]
TasianGE, HittelmanAB, KimGE,et al.
Age at orchiopexy and testis palpability predict germ and Leydig cell loss:clinical predictors of adverse histological features of cryptorchidism[J].
J Urol,
2009,
182(
2):
704-
709.
.
[17]
PyoralaS, HuttunenNP, UhariM.
A review and meta-analysis of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism[J].
J Clin Endocrinol Metab,
1995,
80(
9):
2795-
2799.
.
[18]
AycanZ, Ustunsalih-InanY, CetinkayaE,et al.
Evaluation of low-dose hCG treatment for cryptorchidism[J].
Turk J Pediatr,
2006,
48(
3):
228-
231.
[19]
CortesD, ThorupJ, VisfeldtJ.
Hormonal treatment may harm the germ cells in 1 to 3-year-old boys with cryptorchidism[J].
J Urol,
2000,
163(
4):
1290-
1292.
.
[20]
PensonD, KrishnaswamiS, JulesA,et al.
Effectiveness of hormonal and surgical therapies for cryptorchidism:a systematic review[J].
Pediatrics,
2013,
131(
6):
e1897-
1907.
.
[21]
HeD, LinT, WeiG,et al.
Laparoscopic orchiopexy for treating inguinal canalicular palpable undescended testis[J].
J Endourol,
2008,
22(
8):
1745-
1749.
.
[22]
Escarcega-FujigakiP, RezkGH, Huerta-MurrietaE,et al.
Orchiopexy-laparoscopy or traditional surgical technique in patients with an undescended palpable testicle[J].
J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A,
2011,
21(
2):
185-
187.
.
[23]
何大维,林涛,魏光辉,等.
腹腔镜下手术治疗腹股沟型隐睾[J].
中华泌尿外科杂志,
2009,
30(
2):
133-
135.
.
HeDW, LinT, WeiGH,et al.Laparoscopic orchiopexy for inguinal cryptorchidism[J].Chin J Urol,2009,30(2):133-135..
[24]
易钦君,何大维,魏光辉,等.
隐睾手术方式选择及疗效分析[J].
中华小儿外科杂志,
2012,
33(
12):
923-
927.
.
YiQJ, HeDW, WeiGH,et al.The optimal selection and curative efficacy of surgical procedures for children with cryptorchidism[J].Chine J Pediatr Surg,2012,33(12):923-927..
[25]
NovaesHF, Carneiro NetoJA, MacedoA,et al.
Single scrotal incision orchiopexy - a systematic review[J].
Int Braz J Urol,
2013,
39(
3):
305-
311.
.
[26]
王金晶,唐达星,吴德华,等.
Bianchi睾丸下降固定术在治疗中低位隐睾中的应用[J].
中华小儿外科杂志,
2011,
32(
5):
354-
357.
.
WangJJ, TangDX, WuDH,et al.Single scrotal incision orchiopexy(Bianchi technique) for medium and low undescended testicle[J].Chin J Pediatr Surg,2011,32(5):354-357..
[27]
CortesiN, FerrariP, ZambardaE,et al.
Diagnosis of bilateral abdominal cryptorchidism by laparoscopy[J].
Endoscopy,
1976,
8(
1):
33-
34.
.
[28]
PatilKK, GreenJS, DuffyPG.
Laparoscopy for impalpable testes[J].
BJU Int,
2005,
95(
5):
704-
708.
.
[29]
CisekLJ, PetersCA, AtalaA,et al.
Current findings in diagnostic laparoscopic evaluation of the nonpalpable testis[J].
J Urol,
1998,
160(
3
Pt 2):
1145-
1150.
.
[30]
SnodgrassWT, YucelS, ZiadaA.
Scrotal exploration for unilateral nonpalpable testis[J].
J Urol,
2007,
178(
4
Pt 2):
1718-
1721.
.
[31]
ElyasR, GuerraLA, PikeJ,et al.
Is staging beneficial for Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy? A systematic review[J].
J Urol,
2010,
183(
5):
2012-
2018.
.
[32]
ElderJS.
Surgical management of the undescended testis:recent advances and controversies[J].
Eur J Pediatr Surg,
2016,
26(
5):
418-
426.
.
[33]
WacksmanJ, BillmireDA, LewisAG,et al.
Laparoscopically assisted testicular autotransplantation for management of the intraabdominal undescended testis[J].
J Urol,
1996,
156(
2
Pt 2):
772-
774.
.
[34]
KoniA, OzsekerHS, ArpaliE,et al.
Histopathological evaluation of orchiectomy specimens in 51 late postpubertal men with unilateral cryptorchidism[J].
J Urol,
2014,
192(
4):
1183-
1188.
.
[35]
吕小梅,吴荣德,刘伟,等.
隐睾术后远期生育力随访研究[J].
中华小儿外科杂志,
2013,
33(
3):
176-
178.
.
LyuXM, WuRD, LiuW,et al.Long term follow-up study of fertility after orchidopexy in children with cryptorchidism[J].Chin J Pediatr Surg,2013,33(3):176-178..
[36]
NiedzielskiJK, OszukowskaE, Slowikowska-HilczerJ.
Undescended testis - current trends and guidelines:a review of the literature[J].
Arch Med Sci,
2016,
12(
3):
667-
677.
.
[37]
WoodHM, ElderJS.
Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer:separating fact from fiction[J].
J Urol,
2009,
181(
2):
452-
461.
.
[38]
CookMB, AkreO, FormanD,et al.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of perinatal variables in relation to the risk of testicular cancer--experiences of the son[J].
Int J Epidemiol,
2010,
39(
6):
1605-
1618.
.
[39]
TrabertB, ZugnaD, RichiardiL,et al.
Congenital malformations and testicular germ cell tumors[J].
Int J Cancer,
2013,
133(
8):
1900-
1904.
.